Biological Science

This pathway is a chain reaction of various chemical changes which occur from the ‘source’ which can be antigen-based, i.e., a bee-sting, to the ‘sink’ which is the outcome of the ‘source’. Can one of these chemical changes be blocked to stop the pathway from continuing to its’ outcome?

If ‘inflammation’ is also the result of various chemical changes in a pathway between ‘source’ and ‘sink-outcome’, can this pathway be re-configured in a similar way.?

Another approach:- Homeotic genes regulate the development of whole groups of other genes, so these act as ‘binary logic gates’ for the sequence steps of entire pathways Homeotic mutants are mutations to a Homeotic gene where one cell type follows the developmental pathway normally followed by other cell types, (Principles of Genetics, Robert Tamarin et al, 3rd Edition, WCB Publishers 1991, page401). This produces a significant change to an outcome. The ‘source’, in this case, activates an entirely different pathway/outcome. How difficult would it be to change a pathway coming from a specific ‘source’ using perhaps other means? Are pathways formed by habits.?

Resistance to antibiotics is caused because the antibiotic ‘key’ cannot fit in the ‘lock’ of the antigen because mutation has changed the structure of the ‘lock’. A universal ‘key’ would be such that the antigen’s binding site acts as a ‘mould’ which shapes the ‘key’ which then fits into it. The way to do this would be to soften the surface of the antibiotic binding site so that it becomes the right consistency to fit onto all types of binding sites of the antigen.

‘Antibodies recognise molecular shapes (epitopes) on antigens’ (Book, Roitt’s Essential Immunology, Peter J. Delves et al, published by Wiley Blackwell 2017, page 140)

Can artificial RNA transcription molecules be made which can take sections of the junk DNA and re-order the bases during the transcription process to produce required cell compounds? i.e. the transcription molecule has the ability to jump between sequences and individual bases which need to be transcribed in order to produce a full completed-sense sequence. It does not just have to ‘read’ solely in a straight line.

Is it the case that Microbes in the gut produce antibiotics that can kill other bacteria? Can the body regulate the type of microbes that predominate at any particular time? Is there a particular predominance in relation to a specific health conferring property?

Was this initially a defence mechanism of the body, a form of symbiotic relationship where the embedded bacteria/viruses confer an advantage to the human host?

In plants, Cyanobacteria genes embedded in the plant genome are important in the plant’s water-glucose pathway. Do the embedded bacteria use the plant transcription process or their own in order to keep themselves alive? In Eukaryotic cells it has been shown that incorporated bacterial DNA can produce Mitochondria, the power generators of the cell. (The Times newspaper, ‘Eukaryotic cell incorporates bacterial DNA to produce Mitochondria’ January 16th 2020).

Do any viruses or bacteria which are incorporated in the human genome confer any advantages?

Why is it possible that Blue light can stimulate pain relief, UV light can treat Acne and Eczema and red light/InfraRed light can heal ulcers? (Institute of Physics, ‘Physics website’). Can this property of photonic light be used to activate immunological cells or enzyme-producing cells? Can light as wavelengths outside the visual spectrum have healing properties?

As an example, taking the production of cholesterol. Can this molecular chemical be modified internally, by medication, so that it does not ‘stick’ to the walls of arteries but is broken up and secreted by the body? i.e. altering the composition of a body substance so that it loses/gains structural properties such as fluidity/stickiness.

This could be used to refresh the cells or to double down on existing self-regulatory mechanisms or to cause immune cells to have additional functions?